Urology is a recognized medical and surgical specialty focused on the urinary system in all sexes and the male reproductive system. Andrology focuses more specifically on male reproductive and sexual health, including fertility and hormonal/reproductive problems.
In many countries, an andrologist is a urologist or other physician with additional interest or training in male reproductive medicine rather than a completely separate primary specialty.
At a glance
| Point | Urologist | Andrologist |
|---|---|---|
| Patient population | Men and women for urinary issues; men for reproductive issues | Primarily male reproductive/sexual health |
| Kidney stones | Core urology problem | Not a typical central focus |
| Prostate/urinary obstruction | Core urology problem | May overlap but usually urology |
| Male infertility | Often managed, especially surgically | Central focus |
| Erectile dysfunction | Common urology/andrology overlap | Central focus |
| Surgery | Urologists are surgically trained | Depends on base specialty/training; many andrologists are urologists |
Urologist
A doctor trained in medical and surgical diseases of the kidneys/urinary tract and male reproductive organs.
Andrologist
A clinician specializing in male reproductive health, commonly fertility, sexual function, testes and related hormonal/reproductive issues.
When a urologist is the obvious first choice
Blood in urine, recurrent urinary obstruction, kidney stones, suspected urinary tract structural problems, scrotal masses, prostate symptoms and many surgical urinary conditions fall squarely within urology.
When andrology is especially relevant
Male-factor infertility, sperm-production problems, varicocele-related fertility questions, erectile/ejaculatory disorders and reproductive endocrine questions may benefit from a clinician with dedicated andrology expertise.
Titles differ by country
Some health systems have formal subspecialty fellowships in andrology or male reproductive medicine; others use the term more loosely. Check the doctor’s actual qualifications and clinical focus rather than relying only on the title.
Important note
Seek prompt medical care for sudden severe testicular pain, inability to urinate, heavy blood in urine or other urgent symptoms.
Frequently asked questions
Can a urologist treat male infertility?
Yes. Many urologists do, especially those with reproductive-urology/andrology training.
Does an andrologist treat women?
The field is focused on male reproductive health.
Who treats low testosterone?
Depending on the cause, urologists/andrologists or endocrinologists may be involved.
Who should assess a testicular lump?
Prompt medical evaluation is appropriate; urology is a common specialty for testicular/scrotal masses.
Sources and further reading
KnowDifferences Editorial Team
Independent explanations with definitions, practical examples and references. Read our editorial approach.